Swine Research Abstracts
2009-2011
- 2011 -
Effect of dietary supplementation of oregano essential oils to sows on colostrum and milk composition, growth pattern and immune status of suckling pigs
C. Ariza-Nieto1, M. Bandrick2, S.K. Baidoo1, L. Anil1, T.W. Molitor2, and M.R. Hathaway3
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing sow diets with oregano essential oils (OEO) during gestation and lactation on sow colostrum and milk composition and on the growth pattern and immune status of suckling pigs. A total of 70 second-parity sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 gestation dietary treatments within 24 h after service: control (CON) or CON + 250 mg/kg of OEO (OREG). In lactation, sows were again assigned to either the CON or OREG dietary treatment. Thus, the lactation treatments were CON-CON, CON-OREG, OREG-CON, and OREG-OREG. Colostrum and blood samples were collected from 6 sows per lactation dietary treatment. Thymus lymphocyte (T lymphocyte) subpopulations (  , cluster of differentiation 8, and 32 cluster of differentiation 4) were enumerated in blood and mammary secretions along with IGF-1, IgG, and IgA concentrations. Piglet growth rate were determined from 18, 17, 17, and 18 litters from the CON-CON, CON-OREG, OREG-CON, and OREG-OREG lactation dietary treatments, respectively. Growth rates were determined in 630 piglets, and piglets were individually identified and weighed on 1, 5, 9, 12, 16, and 19 d of age. Oregano essential oil supplementation during gestation or lactation had no effect (P > 0.05) on GE, CP, GE:CP, GE:fat, and IGF-1 in sow milk. Reductions of the fat percentage in milk on d 7 (P < 0.05) and d 14 (P = 0.07) were found in sows supplemented with OEO during lactation compared with those in the CON treatment. Milk from sows supplemented with OEO during lactation had the greatest number of T lymphocytes compared with those in the lactation CON treatment on d 14 of lactation (P < 0.01). The number of T lymphocytes in milk was greater for sows in the CON-OREG treatment compared with those other treatments on d 14 of lactation (P < 0.05). Energy intake was greater on d 1 to 5 in piglets from sows fed OEO during gestation than those from sows in the CON treatment (P < 0.05). A trend (P = 0.10) for greater milk intake was observed in piglets from sows supplemented with OEO during gestation compared with those from sows in the CON treatment. Similarly, a tendency for an increase in ADG on d 1 to 5 was found in piglets from sows supplemented with OEO during gestation compared with those from sows in the CON treatment (P = 0.10). Insulin-like growth factor-1 at birth and on d 7 and 14 of lactation did not differ among piglets from sows assigned to the different dietary treatments. Oregano essential oil supplementation of sow diets did not affect (P > 0.05) immunoglobulin concentrations in piglets after suckling. Supplementing sow diets with OEO during gestation or lactation did not affect (P > 0.05) the T lymphocytes, percentage of T-lymphocyte subpopulations, and natural killer cell activity of piglets during lactation. Supplementing sow diets with 250 mg/kg of OEO during gestation and lactation did not affect the growth potential of and immune responses in suckling piglets.
1Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca
2Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
3Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Effects of feeding diets containing bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) to heat-stressed finishing pigs
R. Song, D.N. Foster, and G.C. Shurson
Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of heat stress and dietary bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immunological responses in finishing pigs. Four groups of 32 finishing pigs (n = 128) with initial BW between 80 to 90 kg were used. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-distiller’s grains based control (CON) or BMD (31.5 ppm) diet for a 14-d adaptation period at the thermal neutral temperature (23°C), and continued to be fed their respective diets when exposed to a constant temperature (23°C) or a cyclical heat stress environment (37°C from 1000 to 1900 h and 27°C from 1900 h to 1000 h) for a 28-d experimental period. Each group of pigs was housed in 4 rooms with 2 pens/room and 4 pigs/pen. Saliva samples from each pig were collected on d -1 (initial baseline), d 1, 13, and 27 for cortisol analysis. Levels of haptogolobin (Hp), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor were determined in serum samples on d -1, 1, 13, and 27. Pigs exposed to heat stress had 31% lower ADG (P < 0.001), 23% lower ADFI (P < 0.001), 9% lower G:F (P < 0.001), and 34% higher average daily water intake (P = 0.03), compared with those in the non-heat stress conditions. Dietary BMD tended to reduce ADG (P < 0.07) compared to CON (0.66 vs. 0.73 kg/d, respectively). Heat stress increased (P < 0.05) saliva cortisol on d 1, but no effects were observed on subsequent days. Serum Hp levels were higher (P < 0.05) in heat-stressed pigs on d 1, and levels tended to remain high (P < 0.1) on d 13. Pigs fed the BMD diet tended to have longer villus height (P = 0.07) in duodenum, and greater crypt depth in duodenum (P = 0.09) and jejunum (P = 0.07). Heat-stressed pigs tended to have a lower proportion of propionate (P = 0.08), greater acetate:propionate (P = 0.08), and a lower proportion of valerate (P = 0.02) in the cecum. These results indicate that BMD did not counteract the negative effects of heat stress on growth performance, but appears to increase villi height and crypt depth in the duodenum. Furthermore, heat stress appears to alter VFA production in finishing pigs.
Effects of tryptophan supplementation on aggression among group-housed gestating sows
Y.Z. Li1, S.K. Baidoo2, L.J. Johnston1, and J.E. Anderson3
The objective of this study was to determine effects of dietary Trp supplementation on mixing-induced aggression and the associated stress, and on reproductive performance in gestating sows. Sows were mixed after weaning in pens with electronic sow feeders on concrete-slatted floors. Each pen housed 21 ± 2.8 sows, with approximately 2.7 ± 0.43 m2/sow of floor space allowance. Multiparous sows (n = 168) from 8 breeding groups were used, with 4 groups assigned to the control diet, and 4 groups assigned to the high-Trp diet. Control sows received corn-soybean meal based diets throughout gestation (0.15% Trp) and lactation (0.21% Trp). Sows assigned to high-Trp treatment received about 2.3 times the dietary Trp (0.35% in gestation diet and 0.48% in lactation diet) fed to control sows 3 d before and after mixing. Six focal sows (2 sows from each of parity 1, 2, and 3 or greater) in each pen were designated and videotaped after mixing for 72 h to determine the type and number of aggressive interactions among sows. Before and 48 h after mixing, saliva samples were collected from focal sows, and scratches were assessed on all sows. Data were analyzed using the Frequency and Glimmix procedures of SAS. Aggression among sows was intense during the initial 6 h, and decreased between 6 and 72 h after mixing. The initial aggression caused scratches and elevated cortisol concentrations (P < 0.05). Mature sows tended to fight for longer periods (112 vs. 52 s·h-1·sow-1, SE = 23.8; P < 0.10), but had fewer scratches caused by aggression (injury score = 4.3 vs. 6.5, SE = 1.13; P < 0.01) than parity-1 sows. Supplementation of dietary Trp reduced the total duration of head-to-head knocking (P < 0.05), but did not affect other aggressive behaviors. There was no difference in injury scores or saliva cortisol concentrations between dietary treatments. High-Trp sows had more total born (12.5 vs. 10.5 pigs/litter, SE = 0.55; P < 0.05) and still born piglets (1.5 vs. 0.8 pigs/litter, SE = 0.20; P < 0.05), but had no significant change in born alive piglets (10.8 vs. 9.7 pigs/litter, SE = 0.42) compared with control sows. The results indicate that the initial aggression after mixing caused more injuries in young sows than in mature sows. Supplementation of dietary Trp at 2.3 times the control level for a short period did not effectively reduce aggression and the associated stress in sows at mixing.
1West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris
2Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca
3Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris
- 2010 -
Dietary effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on performance and milk composition of lactating sows
M. Song1, S.K. Baidoo2, G.C. Shurson1, M.H. Whitney3, L.J. Johnston4, and D.D. Gallaher5
A study was conducted to evaluate the dietary effect of adding increasing concentrations of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to corn- and soybean meal-based sow lactation diets on sow and litter performance, energy and N digestibility, plasma urea N (PUN), and milk fat and protein concentrations. Mixed-parity sows [n = 307; 221 ± 15 kg of BW, 4.54 parities, litter size of 10.6, and litter weight at birth (alive) of 15.14 kg] were assigned randomly to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: control (CON; corn-soybean meal); 10, 20, and 30% DDGS; and 30% DDGS high-protein (HP) diets. Sows were moved to farrowing rooms on d 109 of gestation and were fed the dietary treatments until weaning. Within each treatment group, feces and urine for energy and N digestibility analysis (from d 10 to 12 of lactation) and blood for PUN analysis and milk fat and protein concentrations (on d 0 and 19 of lactation) were collected from 6 randomly chosen parity 3 to 5 sows. There were no dietary effects (P = 0.10) of DDGS on ADFI of sows and sow backfat change. However, sows fed 30% DDGS HP lost more BW compared with sows fed CON (P < 0.05). There were no dietary effects (P = 0.71) of DDGS on preweaning mortality of piglets, litter weight gain, and piglet ADG. Dietary treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) DE, ME, N retention, or N digestibility of the diets. There were no differences in the concentrations of fat and protein in milk at weaning (d 19) among dietary treatments. Sows fed 20 and 30% DDGS had less (P < 0.05) PUN at weaning (d 19) than sows fed CON and 30% DDGS HP. Inclusion of up to 30% DDGS in a lactation diet did not affect (P > 0.05) sow and litter performance, DE and ME contents of the diets, N retention and digestibility, and milk composition compared with sows fed a corn-soybean meal CON diet. It was concluded that addition of up to 30% DDGS in a lactation diet will support satisfactory sow and litter performance.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca
3Extension Regional Center, University of Minnesota Extension, Mankato
4West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris
5Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Digestibility of dietary fiber in distillers coproducts fed to growing pigs
P.E. Urriola1, G.C. Shurson2, and H.H. Stein1
The objective of this work was to measure the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dietary fiber in different sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and to calculate hindgut fermentation of dietary fiber in DDGS fed to growing pigs. Diets, ileal digesta, and fecal samples from pigs fed corn or diets containing 1 of 28 sources of distillers coproducts were analyzed for fiber. Of the 28 sources of coproducts, 24 sources were corn DDGS (C-DDGS), 1 source was sorghum DDGS (S-DDGS), 1 source was DDGS from a blend of sorghum and corn (SC-DDGS), 1 source was C-DDGS from beverage production (DDGSbeverage), and a source of corn distillers dried grain (DDG) was also included in the experiment. Total dietary fiber (TDF) and DM were analyzed in all DDGS sources, ileal digesta, and fecal samples. Hindgut fermentation was calculated by subtracting values for AID from values for ATTD. In 10 sources of DDGS and in ileal and fecal samples from pigs fed those sources, crude fiber, ADF, NDF, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were also determined. Concentrations of CP, ether extract, and ash were also analyzed in these samples, and concentrations of organic residue (OR) were calculated by subtracting the concentration of CP, ether extract, and water from OM. The AID and the ATTD of TDF differed (P < 0.01) among sources of C-DDGS. The average AID of TDF in 10 sources of C-DDGS (21.5%) was not different (P > 0.05) from the AID of TDF in corn (16.5%), but the ATTD and the hindgut fermentation of TDF in the 10 sources of C-DDGS (44.5 and 23.0%, respectively) were greater (P < 0.05) than in corn (23.1 and 6.6%, respectively). The AID of crude fiber, NDF, IDF, SDF, and TDF were not different between C-DDGS and S-DDGS, but the AID of ADF was greater (P < 0.01) in S-DDGS (57.4%) than in C-DDGS (36.8%). The ATTD of OR in S-DDGS (72.5%) and SC-DDGS (68.4%) were less (P < 0.05) than in C-DDGS (77.1%), but the ATTD of ADF, NDF, IDF, SDF, and TDF were not different among the 3 sources of DDGS. The AID, ATTD, and hindgut fermentation of TDF were not different between DDGS from an ethanol plant and DDGS from a beverage plant. The average AID, ATTD, and hindgut fermentation of TDF in the 24 sources of C-DDGS were 23.0, 47.3, and 24.4%, respectively. It is concluded that the AID and ATTD of fiber differ among sources of DDGS and those differences may contribute to differences in the digestibility of energy in DDGS.
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
2Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
The effects of feeding diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles, and withdrawal period of distillers dried grains with solubles, on growth performance and pork quality in grower-finisher pigs
G. Xu1, S.K. Baidoo2, L.J. Johnston3, D. Bibus4, J.E. Cannon5, and G.C. Shurson1
A study was conducted to determine the quantitative effects of feeding amount and withdrawal period of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the diet on growth performance, carcass quality, and pork fat fatty acid profile. A total of 432 pigs (29.8 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly allotted to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a completely randomized arrangement. The 9 treatments were the control (D0), D15–0wk, D15–3wk, D15–6wk, D15–9wk, D30–0wk, D30–3wk, D30–6wk, and D30–9wk, where D0, D15, and D30 indicate the dietary content of DDGS (0, 15, and 30%, respectively) and 0wk, 3wk, 6wk, and 9wk indicate the withdrawal period of DDGS from the diets before slaughter (0, 3, 6, and 9 wk, respectively). A dietary DDGS inclusion rate of 15 or 30%, without or with a withdrawal period, had no effect (P = 0.76) on ADG, ADFI, and G:F, except for a slight reduction (0.87 vs. 0.92 kg/d; P < 0.05) in ADG when pigs received the D30–0wk treatment compared with the D0 treatment. Carcass quality, LM quality, and Japanese fat color scores for backfat and belly fat were not affected by dietary DDGS content (backfat, P = 0.47; belly fat, P = 0.17) or withdrawal period (backfat, P = 0.33; belly fat, P = 0.95). Compared with pigs fed the D0 diet, a smaller belly firmness score was observed (P = 0.04) in pigs that received the D30–0wk treatment, but belly firmness in pigs fed the other treatments was not different (P = 0.26) from that of pigs fed the D0 diet. Linoleic acid content (C18:2; P < 0.001) and iodine value (IV; P < 0.001) of belly fat increased with increasing dietary DDGS content. Withdrawal of DDGS from the diet for 0 to 9 wk before slaughter resulted in a linear reduction in C18:2 content and the IV of belly fat in pigs fed the D15 diets (C18:2 content: 14.6, 13.3, 12.6, and 10.9%; P = 0.001; IV: 67.3, 64.4, 64.1, and 62.7; P = 0.02; for 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-wk withdrawal, respectively) and the D30 diets (C18:2 content: 17.3, 16.1, 14.2, and 12.4%; P < 0.001; IV: 71.2, 68.2, 64.5, and 62.7; P < 0.001; for 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-wk withdrawal, respectively). These results indicate that an inclusion rate of DDGS up to 30% in grower-finisher diets has minor effects on growth performance and that the desired effect of reducing the C18:2 content and IV of pork fat could be elicited in as little as 3 wk after withdrawing DDGS from the diet before slaughter.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca
3West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris
4Center for Spirituality and Healing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
5Hormel Foods Corp., Austin, MN
Effects of feeding diets containing increasing content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles to grower-finisher pigs on growth performance, carcass composition, and pork fat quality
G. Xu1, S.K. Baidoo2, L.J. Johnston3, D. Bibus4, J.E. Cannon5, and G.C. Shurson1
Crossbred pigs (n = 512) with an average initial BW of 22.1 ± 0.54 kg were used to evaluate growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality of grower-finisher pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets containing increasing content of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). One of 4 dietary treatments was randomly assigned to each pen within sex. Dietary treatment and sex were the main factors in a 3-phase feeding program (BW = 22 to 53 kg, 53 to 85 kg, and 85 to 115 kg). Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal control, or a corn-soybean meal diet containing 10, 20, or 30% DDGS. Overall, increasing the dietary DDGS content had no effect on ADG (P = 0.74), but ADFI was linearly reduced and G:F was linearly increased (P < 0.01). Dressing percentage, LM marbling and firmness, and belly firmness were linearly reduced (P < 0.01), but percentage of fat-free lean was linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary DDGS. Subjective LM color score (P = 0.65), drip loss (P = 0.37), and ultimate pH of LM (P = 0.21) were not influenced by dietary DDGS. Japanese color scores for backfat (P = 0.41) and belly fat (P = 0.85) were similar among dietary treatments (P = 0.41). Feeding an increasing content of DDGS linearly increased (P < 0.05) PUFA concentration, particularly linoleic acid (C18:2), in belly fat, backfat, and LM intramuscular fat, but the increase in LM intramuscular fat was smaller in magnitude (P < 0.05) than in backfat and belly fat. Pigs fed an increasing content of DDGS had a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the iodine value of backfat, belly fat, and LM intramuscular fat of 58.4 to 72.4, 61.5 to 72.3, and 54.8 to 57.7, respectively. Oxidation of LM intramuscular fat measured on d 0, 14, 21, and 28 of storage was not affected by dietary treatment. Taste tests for LM showed no effects of diet on flavor, off-flavor (P = 0.36), tenderness (P = 0.66), juiciness (P = 0.58), and overall acceptability (P = 0.52) scores. Similarly, bacon flavor (P = 0.88), off-flavor, crispiness, and overall liking scores were not affected by increasing dietary DDGS, but bacon fattiness (P < 0.01) and tenderness (P < 0.05) scores were linearly reduced. These results showed no negative effects on growth performance or dressing percentage when growing-finishing pigs were fed diets containing up to 30% DDGS, but fat quality may not meet the standards of all pork processors when feeding diets containing more than 20% DDGS.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca
3West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris
4Center for Spirituality and Healing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
5Hormel Foods Corp., Austin, MN
Evaluation of glycerol, a biodiesel coproduct, in grow-finish pig diets to support growth and pork quality
S.J. Schieck1, G.C. Shurson1, B.J. Kerr2, and L.J. Johnston3
Crossbred pigs (n = 216; BW = 31.3 ± 1.8 kg) were used to determine the effects of long- and short-term feeding of crude glycerol on growth performance, carcass traits, and pork quality of grow-finish pigs. Pigs were blocked by initial BW, and pens within blocks were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (24 pens; 9 pigs/pen). Dietary treatments were control, a corn-soybean meal-based diet (CON); long-term, CON + 8% glycerol fed throughout the experiment (LT); and short-term, pigs fed CON for the first 6 wk followed by CON + 8% glycerol fed during the last 8 wk of the experiment (ShT). Pigs fed LT had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, whereas pigs fed ShT tended (P < 0.10) to grow faster than CON (CON = 0.962 kg/d, LT = 0.996 kg/d, and ShT = 0.992 kg/d; SE = 0.01). Pigs assigned to LT had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with CON, whereas ShT-fed pigs had similar ADFI to CON (CON = 2.78 kg/d, LT = 2.93 kg/d, and ShT = 2.86 kg/d; SE = 0.03). Gain:feed tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for CON- and ShT-fed pigs compared with LT-fed pigs (CON = 0.346, LT = 0.339, and ShT = 0.346; SE = 0.002). Hot carcass weight was greater (P < 0.05) for LT-fed pigs compared with CON, whereas ShT-fed pigs had HCW similar to both LT- and CON-fed pigs (CON = 94.8 kg, LT = 97.5 kg, and ShT = 96.3 kg; SE = 0.90). Dressing percentage of CON-fed pigs was similar to both LT- and ShT-fed pigs, but LT-fed pigs tended to have greater (P = 0.06) dressing percentage than ShT-fed pigs (CON = 74.5%, LT = 74.9%, and ShT = 74.3%; SE = 0.16). Tenth-rib backfat (P = 0.26) and LM area (P = 0.17) were not affected by dietary treatment. There was a trend (P < 0.10) for LT-fed pigs to have a smaller fat-free lean percentage than CON-fed pigs (CON = 53.1%, LT = 52.26%, and ShT = 52.67%; SE = 0.25). Short-term glycerol feeding increased (P < 0.05) belly firmness compared with CON and had similar belly firmness compared with LT-fed pigs (CON = 29.46°, LT = 35.16°, and ST = 42.08°; SE = 3.07). Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.60) on pork quality of loins based on taste panel assessments. Feeding pigs 8% crude glycerol throughout the grow-finish period resulted in a 3% improvement in growth rate and a 2% depression in BW gain efficiency compared with CON diets. Grow-finish pigs fed diets containing 8% crude glycerol during the last 8 wk before slaughter achieved growth performance similar to pigs fed CON diets. Effects of crude glycerol on carcass traits seem to be limited to improvements in belly firmness with short-term feeding of glycerol.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2USDA-ARS, Ames, IA
3West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris
Use of crude glycerol, a biodiesel coproduct, in diets for lactating sows
S.J. Schieck1, B.J. Kerr22, S.K. Baidoo33, G.C. Shurson1, and L.J. Johnston4
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary crude glycerol in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance under heat stress conditions. Mixed parity (range = 0 to 13) sows (n = 345; 253 ± 24 kg of BW) were assigned randomly within gestation housing location and parity to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of a corn-soybean-based control diet (CON) and 3, 6, or 9% glycerol added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. Liquid crude glycerol was incorporated in the complete diet at the time of mixing. Dietary treatments were imposed on d 109 of gestation (2.25 kg/d) when sows were moved into farrowing rooms. Heat index during lactation in farrowing rooms exceeded 25°C for all sows. At farrowing, sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed throughout lactation. Dietary treatment tended (P = 0.08) to influence ADFI of sows (CON = 6.04 kg/d; 3% = 6.21 kg/d; 6% = 5.69 kg/d; 9% = 6.00 kg/d; pooled SE = 0.18). Up to 9% crude glycerol in the diet had no effect on sow BW and backfat loss, weaning-to-estrus interval, preweaning mortality of piglets, and ADG of piglets. Increasing dietary glycerol linearly reduced (P = 0.10) litter size at weaning (CON = 9.50; 3% = 9.60; 6% = 9.36; 9% = 9.39; pooled SE = 0.08). Daily water consumption was not affected by dietary treatment. Crude glycerol did not affect respiration rates or rectal body temperatures, indicating no efficacy in reducing heat stress of sows. Plasma glycerol concentrations increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary crude glycerol increased (CON = 1.21 µM; 3% = 1.69 µM; 6% = 7.21 µM; 9% = 29.04 µM; pooled SE = 1.58), but plasma glucose concentrations were not affected. Crude protein content of the milk of sows was not affected (P = 0.16) by dietary treatment. Dry matter (P = 0.07) and crude fat (P = 0.09) content of the milk of the sows tended to increase linearly (DM basis: CON = 17.84%; 3% = 18.43%; 6% = 18.98%; 9% = 18.48%; pooled SE = 0.34; crude fat: CON = 4.78%; 3% = 4.91%; 6% = 5.50%; 9% = 5.24%; pooled SE = 0.30), whereas milk ash concentration tended (P = 0.09) to decrease linearly with increasing dietary glycerol (CON = 0.77%; 3% = 0.79%; 6% = 0.74%; 9% = 0.74%; pooled SE = 0.02). Increasing dietary crude glycerol linearly increased (P < 0.05) lactose concentration in the milk of sows (CON = 5.16%; 3% = 5.30%; 6% = 5.43%; 9% = 5.46%; pooled SE = 0.10). Results from this study indicate that lactating sows fed diets containing up to 9% crude glycerol perform similarly to sows fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2USDA-ARS, Ames, IA
3Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca
4West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris
- 2009 -
Amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles, produced from sorghum, a sorghum-corn blend, and corn fed to growing pigs
P.E. Urriola1, D. Hoehler2, C. Pedersen3, H.H. Stein4, and G.C. Shurson1
The objective of this experiment was to measure the concentration and digestibility of CP and AA in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from sorghum (S-DDGS) or a blend of sorghum and corn grains (SC-DDGS), and to compare these values with the digestibility of CP and AA in corn-based DDGS (C-DDGS). Eleven growing barrows (initial BW = 44.6 ± 6.5 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a Youden square design with 11 diets and 8 periods. One diet contained 66.7% S-DDGS, 1 diet contained 66.7% SC-DDGS, 8 diets contained 66.7% C-DDGS, and 1 diet was N-free. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used in all diets as an indigestible marker. The direct procedure was used to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in the 10 sources of DDGS. Results of the experiment showed that the AID of Lys was not different among S-DDGS, SC-DDGS, and C-DDGS. The mean SID of CP, Arg, and Lys in C-DDGS were not different from values obtained in S-DDGS and SC-DDGS. The SID of Trp in S-DDGS (72.0%) was greater (P < 0.01) than in C-DDGS (64.9%), but there was no difference between C-DDGS and SC-DDGS (62.4%). The SID of CP and all AA were different among the 8 sources of C-DDGS (P < 0.01). Among the indispensable AA, Lys had the greatest variation and the SID ranged from 55.7 to 68.7%. The concentration of total and digestible AA was highly correlated (r2) for Arg (0.88), Ile (0.85), Leu (0.82), Phe (0.84), and Trp (0.84), but reduced r2 values were observed for Lys (0.66) and Thr (0.39). A low correlation between the concentration and digestibility of AA indicates that it is desirable to develop in vitro procedures to predict digestible AA concentration in DDGS. In conclusion, SID values for CP and Lys in S-DDGS and SC-DDGS are within the range of values obtained in C-DDGS, but for many other AA, SID values in S-DDGS and in SC-DDGS are less than in C-DDGS.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2Degussa Corporation, Kennesaw, GA
3Shothorst Feed Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
4Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana
BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: The use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets
H.H. Stein1, and G.C. Shurson2
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) may be included in diets fed to pigs in all phases of production. The concentrations of DE and ME in DDGS are similar to those in corn. Phosphorus in DDGS is highly digestible to pigs and apparent total tract digestibility values of approximately 60% have been reported. The concentration of starch in DDGS is low (i.e., between 3 and 11%), but the concentration of fat in DDGS is approximately 10% and the concentrations of ADF, NDF, and total dietary fiber in DDGS are approximately 3 times greater than those in corn (9.9, 25.3, and 42.1%, respectively). The apparent total tract digestibility of dietary fiber is less than 50%, which results in reduced digestibility values for DM and energy in DDGS. The concentrations of most AA in DDGS are approximately 3 times greater than those in corn, but the standardized ileal digestibility of most AA is approximately 10 percentage units less than in corn. Nursery pigs from 2 to 3 wk postweaning, and growing and finishing pigs may be fed diets containing up to 30% DDGS without any negative impact on growth performance. However, the carcass fat in pigs fed diets containing DDGS has a greater iodine value than the carcass fat in pigs not fed DDGS. It may, therefore, be necessary to withdraw DDGS from the diet of finishing pigs during the final 3 to 4 wk before slaughter to achieve the desired pork fat quality. Lactating sows can also be fed diets containing up to 30% DDGS, and DDGS can replace all the soybean meal in diets fed to gestating sows without negatively affecting sow or litter performance. Inclusion of DDGS in diets fed to pigs may improve immune system activation, but more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these effects. Manure volume will increase when DDGS is included in the diets because of the reduced digestibility of DM in DDGS. Nitrogen excretion may also increase, but this can be prevented by the use of crystalline AA in diets containing DDGS. In contrast, P excretion can be reduced in diets containing DDGS if the total dietary concentration of P is reduced to compensate for the greater digestibility of P in DDGS. In conclusion, DDGS can be included in diets fed to growing pigs in all phases of production, beginning at 2 to 3 wk postweaning, in concentrations of up to 30% DDGS, and lactating and gestating sows can be fed diets containing up to 30 and 50%, respectively, without negatively affecting pig performance.
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
2Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Effects of low-solubles distiller′s dried grains (LS-DDG) in diets for growing-finishing pigs: Carcass characteristics and pork fat quality
R.B. Amaral1, L.J. Johnston2, J.E. Anderson3, S.K. Badoo4, and G.C. Shurson1
This study was conducted to assess the effects of LS-DDG on carcass characteristics and pork fat quality when fed to growing-finishing pigs. Pigs (n=216; 18.8 ± 0.76 kg initial BW) were blocked by weight and pens were assigned randomly to one of 3 dietary treatments in a 4-phase feeding program (24 pens, 9 pigs/pen). Diets were formulated on a SID amino acid basis following NRC (1998) nutrient requirements for pigs gaining 350 g/d of lean tissue. Diets included a corn-soybean meal control (C); C containing 20% LS-DDG (L); and C containing 20% distiller′s dried grains with solubles (D). Crude fat content of LS-DDG (7.95%) was lower than typical distiller′s dried grains with solubles (8.87%). Hot carcass weight did not differ among treatments but dressing percentage was lower (P<0.01) for pigs fed L and D compared to C (C=73.8%; L=72.8%; D=72.8%; SEM=0.22). Pigs fed L displayed reduced (P=0.02) 10th-rib backfat depth (C=15.5 mm; L=14.2 mm; D=16.0 mm; SEM=0.47) and increased (P=0.02) carcass lean (C=54.1%; L=54.8%; D=53.4%; SEM=0.33) compared to pigs fed D, but similar to pigs fed C. The belly flop test revealed that bellies from pigs fed D were softer (P<0.01) than those from pigs fed C (C=17.7°; L=14.1°; D=12.9°; SEM=1.07). However, only a tendency (P=0.07) for softer bellies was observed when pigs received L compared to C. The PUFA content of belly fat was reduced (P<0.01) by L compared with D but was still elevated compared to pigs fed C (C=9.4%; L=14.0%; D=15.4%; SEM=0.34). Thus, pigs fed L tended (P=0.06) to have lower iodine value of belly fat compared to pigs fed D (C=57.8; L=63.1; D=65.0; SEM=0.53). Gilts fed L had lower (P=0.02) PUFA (13.4%) in belly fat than gilts fed D (15.9%) while there was no difference among barrows (L=14.6%; D=15.0%, SEM=0.50). In summary, inclusion of 20% LS-DDG in diets for growing-finishing swine can lessen the negative impacts of DDGS on pork fat quality; and pork fat of gilts may be more sensitive to dietary LS-DDG than that of barrows.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris
3University of Minnesota, Morris
4Southern Research and Outreach Center, Waseca
Effects of low-solubles distiller′s dried grains (LS-DDG) in diets for growing-finishing pigs: Energy content and pig growth performance
R.B. Amaral1, L.J. Johnston2, J.E. Anderson3, S.K. Baidoo4, and G.C. Shurson1
Two experiments were conducted to assess the energy content of LS-DDG and its effects on growth performance when fed to growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, barrows (n=48; 51.9 ± 2.05 kg of BW) were assigned randomly to one of six dietary treatments in a metabolism study. The basal diet (B) was formulated on a total amino acid basis following NRC (1998) nutrient requirements for pigs gaining 350 g/d of lean tissue. The LS-DDG or distiller′s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were combined with basal diet to yield five additional diets: L30, L40, and L50 (30, 40, and 50% LS-DDG, respectively), and D30 and D40 (30 and 40% DDGS, respectively). Crude fat content of LS-DDG (7.95%) was lower than DDGS (8.87%). Increased dietary LS-DDG level decreased DE content (DM basis) of diets (B=3,753 kcal/kg; L30=3,595 kcal/kg; L40=3,525 kcal/kg; L50=3,537 kcal/kg; PSE=27.9). The DE content of LS-DDG and DDGS used in this experiment were 3,231 ± 77 and 3,351 ± 76 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In Exp. 2, pigs (n=216; 18.8 ± 0.76 kg initial BW) were blocked by weight and pens were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments in a 4-phase feeding program (24 pens, 9 pigs/pen). Diets were formulated on a SID amino acid basis following NRC (1998) nutrient requirements for pigs gaining 350 g/d of lean tissue. Diets included a corn-soybean meal control (C); C containing 20% LS-DDG (L); and C containing 20% DDGS (D). Overall final BW (C=113.8 kg; L=112.1 kg; D=114.0 kg; PSE=0.90), ADG (C=0.88 kg; L=0.86 kg; D=0.88 kg; PSE=0.01), and ADFI (C=2.32 kg; L=2.35 kg; D=2.39 kg; PSE=0.04) were similar (P>0.27) among treatments. Pigs fed L exhibited similar (P=0.90) G:F compared to pigs fed D, but tended (P=0.09) to have lower G:F compared to pigs fed C (C=0.380; L=0.367; D=0.370; PSE=0.004). Inclusion of 20% LS-DDG in diets for growing-finishing pigs supports ADG and ADFI similar to that of diets containing 20% DDGS. However, gain efficiency of pigs fed 20% LS-DDG may decline slightly compared to pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets.
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
2West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris
3University of Minnesota, Morris
4Southern Research and Outreach Center, Waseca
Influence of rapid introduction and removal of dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pig performance and carcass characteristics
A.M. Hilbrands1, L.J. Johnston1, G.C. Shurson2, and I. Kim2
Due to price fluctuation the dietary inclusion of DDGS may only be economical intermittently throughout the growing-finishing period. A study was conducted to determine the effects of rapid introduction and removal of DDGS from growing-finishing pig diets on growth performance and carcass composition. Crossbred pigs (n=216; BW = 51.3 ± 3.1 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned randomly to one of 24 pens (9 pigs/pen). Pens within a block were assigned randomly to one of 4 dietary treatments fed in 3 phases. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal control (D0), a corn-soybean meal diet containing 20% DDGS fed throughout the study (D20), D20 and D0 diets alternated bi-weekly (D20SW), and a 40% DDGS diet alternated bi-weekly with the D0 diet (D40SW). There were 5 bi-weekly feeding periods with pigs assigned to D20SW and D40SW treatments starting and ending the trial consuming DDGS diets. There were no differences in ADG among treatments but D20SW pigs tended to have heavier final BW (P<0.09) than D40SW pigs. Pigs assigned to D40SW tended to have lower ADFI (P<0.07) than D20 pigs. Pigs assigned to D20SW had better gain efficiency (P<0.05) than D20 pigs. At harvest, D0, D20, and D20SW pigs had heavier HCW (P<0.01) than D40SW pigs but 10th rib backfat depth, loin eye area and percent carcass lean were not affected by treatment. These results suggest that the rapid inclusion and removal of 20% DDGS from growing-finishing pig diets will not adversely affect pig performance or carcass characteristics but that at 40% DDGS inclusion levels it may reduce ADFI and HCW. |
